Computer Engineering :: Essays Papers

calculating machine Engineering Computer engineering is a relatively new champaign of engineering and is one of the fastest growing fields today. Computer engineering is one of todays most technologically based jobs (Basta 71).The field of ready reckoner engineering combines the knowledge of electrical engineering and reckoner science to create advanced data processor systems. Computer engineering involves the process of designing and manufacturing computer chips processors, retentivity systems, central processing units, and of peripheral devices . Computer engineers work with CAD(computer aided design) programs and different computer languages so they can create and program computer systems (Gelenter 82). Computer engineers use up todays best technology to create tomorrows. Computer engineers require a high level of training and intelligence to be ingenious at their job. A bachelors degree from a college or university with a good computer engineering program computer science program is necessary (Basta 71). past once employed their usually is a on the job lawsuit of training program to learn the certain types of systems that will be designed and manufactured. Computer engineers major studies conventional electronic engineering, computer science and math in college. The electrical engineering knowledge that a computer engineer possesses allow for a understanding of the apparatus that goes into a computer so that they can be designed and built (UCSD 2). The computer science part gives a engineer oft needed wisdom on how software makes a computer system run and perform tasks. There are a few different types of employers computer engineers could work for today. The first is for a major computer company actually designing whole computer systems for say Compaq or Macintosh. Then their are the type thatworks for computer components such as peripheral systems and microchips such as Intel (Gelenter 90). Then their are the engineers that design everyday electronic components such as avow machines and cell phones. The job outlook of computer engineering is very good. More and more computer systems are being created every day and the demand for computer engineers is just going to keep on growing (UCSD 1). For example Chris Kolnik (who is studying to become a computer engineer) says that their is no end in sight to the ingathering the computer industry.

Free Macbeth Essays: The Greater Guilt :: Free Essay Writer

The Greater unrighteousness in Macbeth   Everybody is driven by guilty conscience in our life. dame Macbeth and Macbeth feel guilty at different times and different ways. Macbeth feels guiltier than gentlewoman Macbeth after the murder of Duncan. During the Banquet, Mecbeth is very upset and nervous after seeing the ghost, simply Lady Macbeth is making an excuse about her conserves fear, and she doesnt show any guilt. At the exterminate of the play, the opposite is true Lady Mecbeth feels guiltier than mecbeth.. Guilt is responsible for the death of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. In suffice II, Scene ii, Macbeth regrets the murder of Duncan as soon as he kills the king. He finds it impossible to petition after Duncans two sons waken from a nightmare pray and fall back to sleep I had most need of blessing, and Amen / Stuck in my throat.(IIii32-3) On the other hand Lady Macbeth tells him to get out about the murder because if they keep thinking of the crime, it will ma ke them both crazy Consider it non so deeply. /These deeds must not be thought After these ways so, it will make us mad.(IIii30-35) Because Lady Macbeth kills herself at the end of the play, these lines also foreshadow her future. In Act cardinal scene 4, Macbeth is going to be crazy after seeing Banquos ghost. He got so affright when he sees the ghost walking in the castling and sitting in his place thou canst not say I did it never shake thy slaughterous locks at me. This iterate shows how scared he is, and Lady Macbeth is making an excuse to hide her husbands fear Sit, worthy friends my lord is often thus, And hath been from his jejuneness pray you, keep seat The fit is momentary, upon a thought He will again be well. If much you note him, You shall offend him, and extend his sexual love Feed, and regard him not. Are you a man? This quote explain to the guest that why Macbeth has acted in that way, and how Lady Macbeth hide her husbands fear of the ghost. In act V scene1 , 50 Lady Macbeth is so upset about the fact that they committed such a horrible crime and she cant erase it. And that is not what she felt at the first-class honours degree of the story, she says Free Macbeth Essays The Greater Guilt Free Essay Writer The Greater Guilt in Macbeth   Everybody is driven by guilty conscience in our life. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth feel guilty at different times and different ways. Macbeth feels guiltier than Lady Macbeth after the murder of Duncan. During the Banquet, Mecbeth is very upset and nervous after seeing the ghost, But Lady Macbeth is making an excuse about her husbands fear, and she doesnt show any guilt. At the end of the play, the opposite is true Lady Mecbeth feels guiltier than mecbeth.. Guilt is responsible for the death of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. In Act II, Scene ii, Macbeth regrets the murder of Duncan as soon as he kills the king. He finds it impossible to pray after Duncans two sons waken from a nightmare pray and fall back to sleep I had most need of blessing, and Amen / Stuck in my throat.(IIii32-3) On the other hand Lady Macbeth tells him to forget about the murder because if they keep thinking of the crime, it will make them both crazy Consider it not so deeply. /These deeds must not be thought After these ways so, it will make us mad.(IIii30-35) Because Lady Macbeth kills herself at the end of the play, these lines also foreshadow her future. In Act III scene 4, Macbeth is going to be crazy after seeing Banquos ghost. He got so scared when he sees the ghost walking in the Palace and sitting in his place thou canst not say I did it never shake thy gory locks at me. This quote shows how scared he is, and Lady Macbeth is making an excuse to hide her husbands fear Sit, worthy friends my lord is often thus, And hath been from his youth pray you, keep seat The fit is momentary, upon a thought He will again be well. If much you note him, You shall offend him, and extend his passion Feed, and reg ard him not. Are you a man? This quote explain to the guest that why Macbeth has acted in that way, and how Lady Macbeth hide her husbands fear of the ghost. In act V scene1, 50 Lady Macbeth is so upset about the fact that they committed such a horrible crime and she cant erase it. And that is not what she felt at the beginning of the story, she says

Reasons to End Social Poisoning on the Internet Essay -- Censorship Cy

Reasons to End Social Poisoning on the InternetNOTE Many of the links the scholarly person refers to are no longer active.While circleing the word of knowledge to the masses, the profits simultaneously dispenses social poisons. Many of the recipients are, unfortunately, children, and despite the American policy of free-speech, this amiable of unintentional inculcation must stop. One of the problems lies in the fact that the right to criticize and the right to display poisonous material are one in the same The Right of Freedom of Speech. But should a clear and present danger to social health take priority over the rights of an soul? Does the individual even have power? In Digital Literacy, Paul Gilster observes that A global web of communications... points to a viruslike spread of ideas (Gilster 27). Should society protect its youth from this viruslike spread by regulating content on the internet? These questions are tough to answer, but this paper will address them, introduce a socially pestiferous hate site, and reveal why society needs to be rid of the poison on the internet.One of the problems with social contemplation on this subject, though, is that this situation is relatively unknown to history. Though the power structure of the internet has been compared to centralized government, decentralized government and social anarchy, Jess Holbrook, in a discussion on November 24, accurately cited the internet as being unlike anything else weve ever seen. So perhaps time should be taken to evaluate the effects of the internet on not barely the nations youth, but the nation in general. While the evaluation is taking place, the presence of these social poisons on the internet must be recognized. The American Nazi ... ... real life himself, only the former is readily available to children. There needs to be a body which regulates the poison on the internet and makes it safe for the child to surf the net. Not all sites on the internet are terrifying and pro blematic. But imagine a black child, whose ancestors survived the slave trade, approach shot across the American Nazi Party site, and learning that they are evil because of their skin color. No child should be exposed to this.Works Cited- Bolter, David Jay. Writing infinite The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, New Jersey 1991. - Gilster, Paul. Digital Literacy. Wiley Computer Publishing. New York.- Hall III, William B. American Nazi Party. 28 November 1998. 5 December 1998 <http//home.earthlink.net/wbhall/.- Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0. Johns Hopkins.

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: The Price is Right :: Merchant Venice Essays

When I first read The Merchant of Venice, I had a lot of mixed reactions. One of them, astonishingly enough, was that it was too short How can this be? We all know that Shakespeares plays are notoriously too long.  In reading it over, I think this perception comes from a number of sources.  One is the idea that the two story lines, that of Portia and her suitors and that of Shylock and his money-grubbing ways, are only loosely held together by the title character, Antonio.  The other reason is that when we at long last get to the trial scene, the supposed highlight of the play, we notice that the trial is only a very small part of the whole play.  It is not what the play is intimately in my opinion. Many people have suggested that the play should have ended after the trial, that the final scene served no purpose.  I saw it much wish the hurriedly thrown together conclusion to a choppy paper.  We have talked about cut versions of literature as they ma ke their way to the screen. This seems to me as though it is a choppy version of an idea that didnt work out as well as the playwright had hoped.  As I read even more closely, I may find I change my mind.   Since it didnt seem to be about what I thought it was supposed to be about, I decided to strain to figure out what it really is about. Based on my current understanding (subject to further enlightenment), the play is (at least partially) about the merchandising of people.  People can be bought or sold for Three thousand ducats, well (Act I mise en scene 3 Line 1), or chests of gold, silver and lead (I.ii.30). Every one has a price.  All are bought or sold at one time or another. Lets look at some of the leading characters and see what price they require.    Antonio sells a pound of his flesh for three thousand ducats in Act I Scene 3.  Bassanio sells his marriage vows to repay the lawyer/ judge for defending Antonio (Act IV Scene 2).  Grati ono sells his vows, by giving away the ring that represented them, and his friendship to Bassanio at the same time. Portia sells herself as property in marriage

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Essay -- Crib Death SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ( infant death)Many questions about the causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as crib death, are stable unresolved. The mysterious and elusive nature of SIDS creates problems, doubts, and more questions. This paper will present some of the most commonly asked questions as well as the answers that submit been uncovered by scientists after years of research and study.In 1969, researchers agreed to define SIDS as the sudden death of an infant or two-year-old child, which is unexpected by history, and in which a thorough postmortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death (Bergman, 1970).What Causes SIDS?The cause or causes of SIDS are still unknown. Most researchers now believe that babies who die of SIDS are born with one or more conditions that make them vulnerable to two internal and external stresses that occur in the normal life of an infant. Most deaths from SIDS occur by the end of the sixth month with the gr eatest subprogram taking place between two and four months of age. A SIDS death occurs quickly and is often associated with sleep, with no signs of suffering. More deaths are reported in the winter months and most victims are boys, with a sixty-to-forty percent male-to-female ratio.How Many Babies Die from SIDS?From year to year, the number of SIDS deaths tends to remain constant despite fluctuations in the overall number of infant deaths. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) report...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Essay -- Crib Death SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Many questions about the designers of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death, ar still unresolved. The mysterious and elusive nature of SIDS creates problems, doubts, and more questions. This paper will present some of the most commonly asked questions as healthy as the answers that have been uncovered by scientists after years of research and study.In 1969, researchers agreed to define SIDS as the sudden death of an baby or young child, which is unexpected by history, and in which a thorough postmortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death (Bergman, 1970).What Causes SIDS?The cause or causes of SIDS are still unknown. Most researchers now believe that babies who die of SIDS are born with one or more conditions that bewilder them vulnerable to both internal and external stresses that occur in the normal life of an infant. Most deaths from SIDS occur by the end of the sixth month with the greatest num ber taking place between two and four months of age. A SIDS death occurs quickly and is often associated with sleep, with no signs of suffering. More deaths are reported in the winter months and most victims are boys, with a sixty-to-forty percent male-to-female ratio.How Many Babies Die from SIDS?From year to year, the number of SIDS deaths tends to remain changeless despite fluctuations in the overall number of infant deaths. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) report...

Gwen Harwood Analysis Essay

In The Violets, the look-a the akin experiences a transition from kidskinhood artlessness to experience, sparking the border of maturation. This humor of churlhood honor is a amorous counterl, and the mental process of growth that unrivaled experiences from this state of purity to adulthood takes place when the figure of speech light upons about the inevitableness of snip. The dialogue, Wheres morning gone? is re constituteative of this realisation, with the rhetorical question reflecting the childs confusion at this stage of intent when one is innocent and burdenless by certain mature k directledge. Also, the noun, thing, in the emotive lines, used my tears to scold the thing that I could not grasp or name that, darn I slept, had stolen from me, refers to time and its namelessness symbolises the fact that it is abstract and unreturning, and incomprehensible to a child.This is what makes a child innocent and, sentimentalist all toldy invested this is what Harwood is shown to value through her poetry. The emotive phrase, tears, and the striking verb, stolen, further exemplifies the harsh realities that accompany maturation and signify a loss of innocence. In these lines of the third stanza, there is a tone of sadness and despondency as the persona comes to terms with what the inevitability of time means for ones life that, regardless of when the process of maturation begins, ones time is of all time limited. As Harwoods poetry deals with the signifi plundert universal guinea pigs of personal growth, maturation and loss of innocenceIn addition, the personas experience of maturation is reflected in the growth of the violets and other natural annexs, further demonstrating the Romantic influence within this meter. by dint ofout the poetry, there is an extended alliance between nature and mankindity, a connection which once manifested as a Romantic paperl. In the third stanza, set in the past, there is a description of the violets as sp ring violets in their loamy bed, with the descriptive terms, spring, and, loamy, creating resource of youth and rejuvenation, reflecting the personas also youthful state at this time.This is contrasted with the premier(prenominal) stanza, set in the present-tense, where the violets argon signalized as frail, and, melancholy, in the context, I kneel to pick frail, melancholy flowers, and invest the song with depressions of decline, representing the inevitability of the growth and maturation of all life, human or non-human. In this stanza, the persona is also older, and so, the imagery of the violets reflects the growth and variety show of the persona.Further more(prenominal), the personas acceptance of growth and decline, and therefore the personas process of maturation is represented by the natural reference to dusk, another Romantic reference, in the context, dusk surrendered pink and white to blurring darkness. The descriptive term, blurring, which is symbolic of blurring t he line between acceptance and rebellion against the inevitabilities of life, mark the point when maturation begins as the child decides to accept this. Also, the descriptive colours, pink and white, carry connotations of softness and calm, reflecting the personas experience of solace after the transitional period of growth into maturity. The time of dusk, is also symbolic of wanning life, again, Romantically connecting nature and humanity as they share the same inevitable life daily round.MemoriesIn The Violets Harwood connects the role of retentiveness with Romantic ideals to reveal the futility in resisting the unstoppable cycle of life. You may have noticed that throughout the poesy, there is a motif of the violets. These flowers are an grammatical constituent of nature, an entity of high value to Romantics, and they are symbolic of remembrance and depot. The violets are presented in the poems present-tense introduction, I kneel to pick frail, melancholy flowers. Through the descriptive wrangling, frail, and, melancholy, nature becomes a reflection of humanity, as the violets, which, in this case, carry a tone of weakness and decline, mirror the state of the persona at this time. This idea that all life, including both nature and humanity, inevitably faces degradation is highlighted when this present-tense description of the violets, a Romantically valued aspect of nature, is contrasted with the past-tense description in the idealised memories of the persona.Within these memories, which are set through a structural indentation, the violets are described as being spring violets in theirloamy bed, with the descriptive terms, spring, and, loamy, creating imagery of youth and rejuvenation, and again playing as a reflection of the personas condition and age. Just as nature experiences a cycle, as does humanity, and, through a Romantic perspective, this exemplifies the idea that is the force of nature send packingnot overcome the trials of time, then neither can other forms of life. This realisation is represented through a contrast in the past and present states of life, demonstrated through the power of memory, and leads to an acceptance of the inevitable life cycle which is propelled by time.In The Violets, it can be seen that within the stanzas that portray memories, there is rise of Harwoods spectral combine, demonstrating the power with which Harwood invests this al-Qaeda. In the childhood memory of the persona, her pay off-like figure likens to Christian images of the Virgin Mary who often held purple violets, and which were symbolic of her humility in confronting the ending of life. This is because the violets, in terms of this religious iconography, symbolise mourning, foreshadowing the wipeout of Christ, and therefore the inevitable suffering and remnant of humanity. This connection between religious faith and past memories emphasises the importance of memory from a religious perspective, reminding the reader th at even scriptural figures experienced the grief associated with death. passim the poem, there is a motif of light, specifically, references to light fronts, a metaphor for memory. This idea of light, connects to Biblical images of Christ, who was believed to be the light of the world, and to give, the light of life. This is an allusion to the eternal life, and, in conjunction with her past memories, this motif of light lightens the burden of looming death. Through memories of the violets and maternal relations, Harwood highlights religious undertones to ease the acceptance of dying through the power of memory, an important theme in Harwoods poetry.DeathThe Violets is invested with anxieties about death and aging, and Harwood projects the theme of death onto nature and its cycles, a Romantic ideal. Elements of nature, specifically the violets, are described as melancholy,and, frail, in the context, I kneel to pick frail, melancholy flowers. These descriptive words represent the degradation of life which accompanies time. The time of day, dusk, another Romantic reference to nature, is, in a way, connected to the persona, as it is a time of transition, much like the status of the child who experiences the transition from fearing and fighting her approaching demise, to judge the inevitability of time. When dusk is referenced in the context, dusk surrendered pink and white to blurring darkness, it becomes a metaphorical representation of the persona succumbing to death, emphasized by the descriptive term, blurring, which is symbolic of blurring the line between acceptance and rebellion. The descriptive colours, pink and white, carry connotations of softness and calm, reflecting the personas experience of solace after the transitional period. The time of dusk, is also symbolic of wanning life, Romantically connecting nature and life. Harwood explores the notion of dying and how crucial it is to accept this.Harwood was highly religious and this is revealed thr ough her poetry, particularly in The Violets, which deals with themes of death and explores the transience of time. Harwood presents her audience with funerary imagery. For example, the oxymoron, ashes and loam, in the description, flowers among ashes and loam, is suggestive of traditional funerary rights, referencing the ashes to ashes custom, and the idea of dirt being thrown on a coffin, with the noun, flowers, also being symbolic of placing flowers at a grave. By connecting religion and death, Harwood uses her faith to console herself about age and decline.When the child of the poem experiences the revelation of the powers of time, which she, symbolic of her childhood ignorance and innocence, refers to metaphorically as, the thing I could not grasp or name, she becomes distraught, and cannot undo what she has learnt. This alludes to the Biblical Tree of Knowledge, with the information being irr constantlysibly gained, and causing sorrow, represented through the emotive words, tears, and, scold, in the metaphor, I used my tears to scold the thing, with, the thing, again symbolising time. Harwood reflects the need to understand and accept the process of aging as it is essential for well-being. Through religious references to death and aging, Harwood comments on the inevitability of facing decline anddegradation.RelationshipsHarwood demonstrates a value of kindreds, and, The Violets, influenced by Romantic ideals, demonstrates the idea that races sanction one with the revelation that humanity is fleeting. Throughout the poem, filial bonds are surrounded with connotations of warmth, comfort and consolation. When the child first discovers that the day has escaped her, her catch attempts to console her, shecarried me downstair to see spring violets in their loamy bed. The references to birth and innocence, through the metaphor, spring violets in their loamy bed, not solitary(prenominal) reminds the audience of the transience of youth, a reference to the Romantic value of childhood innocence, but, when in conjunction with the verb, carried, highlights the role of family in understanding and evaluate this fleetingness.The embedded section of the final stanza presents a Romanticised, idealised memory of family and connection. Harwood describes the image, my fatherwith tenderness stroking my mothers goldbrown hair. The nouns, father, and, mother, represent these filial connections, while the connotative terms, tenderness, and, goldbrown, invoke sentiments of harmony, warmth and security. Through these connections between relationships and cosiness, Harwood demonstrates the impact of relationships upon accepting the inevitability of death.Harwoods religious faith resonates throughout The Violets, and exemplifies the comfort and support bought about by relationships. Just as Mary consoled Christ, this poem alludes to the Fall of Man, with the mother figure providing comfort for her child, similarly to Mary. When the child realises the s uffering that accompanies mortality, she describes her mothers role, she dried my tearful face as I sobbed. The verb, dried, is representative of a mothers care, easing her childs sorrow about the trials of life. The reference to Kedron Brook, in the final stanza, stone-curlews call from Kedron Brook, refers to Harwoods hometown, and carries connotations of the family connections which reside there. This is also a Biblical reference, as it connects to the brook of Kedron in Jerusalem. Christ had to cross this brook, and it marks the location wherehe made slumber with his Father, divinity fudge. The persona metaphorically crosses her brook of Kedron, and in doing so, makes peace with her parents, who have consoled her, and therefore makes her peace with dying. These universal symbols of religion, in association with family and childhood connections, ease the acceptance of mortality.Artistic Creativity or PassionN/AFather and ChildMaturation and GrowthIn Father and Child, Harwood pr esents a threshold, defining experience of the persona, making it a transition from innocence to experience. . The opening word of the first part of the poem, vitamin B Owl, is daybreak, and this foreshadows that the child will experience an awakening which sparks the process of maturation. The persona of the poem experiences a loss of innocence with the discovery of the tragedy of death. Before shooting the owl, the child believes they are the master of life and death, with the noun, master, reflecting the power that the child feels and the ignorance that the child has about the nature of death. This description of the child is subsequent contrasted in the quaternary stanza, I watched, afraid by the fallen gun, a lonely child who believed death clean and final, not this obscene bundle of stuff.The emotive term, afraid, represents the change in the personas attitude after being exposed to the harsh reality that is mortality. Also, the growth and maturation in the persona is exem plified by the collocation, by way of contrast, between the descriptive terms, clean, and, obscene, which show both the childs previous ignorance and their new found knowledge. This stanza is invested with religious imagery which further bear ons the childs loss of innocence. The reference to the fallen gun, is a Biblical allusion which symbolises the Fall of Man and reflects the idea that knowledge has been acquired and knowledge is unreturnable. Furthermore, the title of the poem, barn owl, contains the noun, owl, which is both a religious symbol of death and a symbol of wisdom, foreshadowing that knowledge and wisdom is accompanied by the process of maturation. Finally, the dialogue, End what you have begun, isan imperative command which refers to the process of maturation and carries with it the idea that maturation is inevitable and must occur as a part of life.In part II of Father and Child, Nightfall, the same idea about growth and maturation is carried through. In this par t of the poem, the persona accepts the inevitability of death and therefore completes the process of maturation. The second stanza contains the line, since theres no more to taste, which is a Biblical allusion to the apple and the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden, symbolising the fact that there is nothing left to gain from the process of maturation. Romantic references to nature connect the natural world with humanity and demonstrate that growth and the life cycle are inevitable for all forms of life.The natural reference, sunset, in the fourth stanza line, sunset exalts its known symbols of transience, is symbolic of decline and, as referenced, of transience, and this transitional period marks the personas transition from innocence to experience which accompanies decline and aging. By extension, the verb, done, in the final lines of the sixth stanza, your marvellous journeys done, emphasises the conclusion of maturation, which is further highlighted by the lines of the fina l stanza, the child once quick to mischief, grown to learn what sorrows, in the end, no words, no tears can mend. The verbs, grown, and, learn, represent the maturity and knowledge gained by the persona, with the nameless, what, referring again to the harsh reality of death.Memories and DeathPart I of Father and Child, demonstrates the memory of a defining experience and shows significance due to this moments impact on the rest of the personas life. This poem is related in the past-tense, as if told as an anecdote, a memory or reflection upon a threshold experience on ones life. Throughout the first three stanzas of the poem, there is a tone of mischief and playfulness, however, this turns to a tone of lamentation for the remainder of the poem, conveying the power of this memory to bring the coldcock of the realisation and knowledge about the trauma of death. This memory is so significant because of what it begins maturation, and because of what itteaches the persona. The child, st ealing the fathers power to take life, sees himself as the master of life and death, a power which the child does not understand, and this is highlighted by the description of the child as the wisp-haired judge, which juxtaposes, by way of connection, ideas of youth and ignorance.Ironically, the child is breaking both the fairness of man, and, in a Biblical whiz, the laws of God, referred to in the Old Testament Ye shalt not kill, and, honour thy father and thy mother. The child acts as Eve did in the Garden of Eden, tolerant into the temptation of the horny fiend, and eating from the Tree of Knowledge. This causes a loss of innocence as knowledge about death is gained, a significant realisation of growth up, and therefore a significant childhood memory. The child wrongfully objectifies the owl, metaphorically labelling it as his prize. The synecdoche, punish beak and claw, further represents this and the fact that the child can only see and focus on parts of the owl, symbolical ly denotes the fact that that the child is blind to the enormity of what they are about to do.The first three stanzas are invested with a tone of suspense, for example, the line, holding my breath, and, the short, sharp sentence, my first shot struck. This reflects the immensity of the event, and therefore the place of this memory in the childs life as significant. The visceral imagery of stanzas five and six further exemplifies the horror of the moment and why it has become embedded in the personas memory. The verbs, dropped, dribbled, tangling, and, hobbled, are used to describe the actions of the dying owl, and the bundle of stuff, that waterfall out of its body. These verbs each carry connotations of mess, shock, and revulsion, and, in conjunction with the nouns, bowels, and, blood, the gravity of what the child has done is reflected, and thus becomes a defining memory for the child.Part II of Father and Child, demonstrates the adult life of the persona in Nightfall, and the im pact of their defining childhood memory, in which they discovered the truth about death and learn to accept this. Harwood turns to her Romantic ideals to soothe the gravity of knowledge acquired and understand what was learnt in the memory of killing the owl. The persona turns to nature, a Romantic ideal, focusing on images of abundance and fertility to counter the childhood memory of Barn Owl, which is so full ofdeath. The persona reflects, you keep a childs delight for ever in birds, flowers and shivery-grass.The nouns, birds, flowers, and, grass, are all elements of nature and carry pleasant connotations of imagery of a peaceful landscape full of life and living things, however, death makes its ubiquitous presence even in the descriptions of nature, sunset exalts its known symbols of transience. Sunset symbolises finality and a conclusion, foreshadowing her fathers deaths, and the reference to transience, highlights the Romantic sensibility that shapes the imagery in the poem, fo r the Romantic poets were focused on the transience of humanitys existence. By introducing death into this natural reference, the responder is shown that the childhood memory of the owls death has had an impact on the rest of their life, however, it is accepted with the tending of the solace which is provided by nature.RelationshipsSimilarly, Harwood shows, through both parts of the poem, Father and Child, that fathers are significant figures in ones life, acting as a guide through childhood and assisting in the process of maturation. This idea is highlighted by religious allusions. In Barn Owl, Harwood employs a Biblical allusion to the Fall of Man symbolically through the child dropping the gun with which they shot the owl, I watched, afraid, by the fallen gun. This references the fact that the child has now learned the horrible truth about death, with the emotive word, afraid, emphasising the childs response of shock, and the childs now new and unreturnable knowledge of death. H owever, later in this poem, the father arrives, my father reached my side, gave me the fallen gun. End what you have begun. The positional verb, side, highlights the fathers relationship with his son as one of significance as he is providing support and comfort with the realisation of death, a catalyst for maturation.Also, this second allusion of the fallen gun, with the father picking it up, is symbolic of a fathers assistance and guide through maturation. The dialogue, End what you have begun, is an imperative command which further identifies the fathers strength and teaching role in a childs life, with this command referencing the fact that the child must continue with the process of maturation as it is a significant aspect of life, however, the fathers presence indicates thatfilial relations can help with this process. In the second part of this poem, Nightfall, the persona learns, through their father, the need to accept death, and so concludes the passage of maturation. Harwoo d describes the fathers acceptance of death, you find, with your white stick the path on which you turn home, the noun home, is a Biblical reference to returning to God in heaven, and, by the father accepting that death will come and this will happen, he allows his child to learn that death cannot be stopped, no matter how horrific it is.The poem comments on the conquest of the fathers role, with the child once quick to mischief, grown to learn what sorrows, in the end, no words, not tears can mend. These final lines of the poem denote the childs acceptance of knowledge regarding death, conceding, with the aid of a relationship with their father, that death is inevitable, and that a finality of maturation comes with the acceptance of humanitys transience. These dickens poems, through religious references, show how ones relationship with their father can prepare them for the knowledge that accompanies adulthood.Harwoods poem, Father and Child, also employs Romantic elements and pre sents the idea that when one progresses from childhood to adulthood, a loss of innocence is experienced, however, through the guidance of relationships, this transition is facilitated and a semblance of innocence may be maintained. Throughout Barn Owl, the owl, an element of nature, is symbolic of wisdom and death, and through the childs actions of killing the owl, he gains the wisdom and knowledge of mortality, and in doing so, experiences a loss of innocence. Childhood innocence is of specific value to the Romantics, and the fathers assistance in this experience of gaining knowledge of death attempts to ease this loss. The verb, leaned, and the emotive word, wept, in the lines of the final stanza, I leaned my idea upon my fathers arm and wept, represents the childs close filial bond with their father and the comfort that such a significant human relationship can bring. This position of the child leaning on the father, also maintains the childs youthful and vulnerable persona, sym bolising that comfort from a father can maintain at least a skerrick of innocence.In the second part of the poem, Nightfall, the roles are reversed slightly, with the father using his relationship with his child to return to a place of innocencebefore death. In the fifth stanza, the lines, you keep a childs delight for ever in birds, flowers, shivery grass, contain a cumulative list of natural elements, a connection to Romantic values which symbolise the fathers regaining of innocence. This is made possible through his relationship with his child, represented through the metaphor of the childs delight, existing within nature, and since nature is eternal, according to the Romantics, this demonstrates that innocence can be preserved forever, to be regained before, and to facilitate ones passage into death. Harwood combines a value of nature with the theme of significant relationships to exemplify their ability in easing the trials and tribulations of life.Triste, TristeMemory and Arti stic valet ExpressionHarwoods Triste, Triste, is influenced by her religious values, and highlights the timeless value of nobleman moments in which one feels close to God. The juxtaposition of the recordual and transcendent coital experience represented in this poem is connected with the resurrection of Christ. The Biblical allusion, body rolls back like a stone, and uprise design walks to Easter light, contains the simile, body rolls back like a stone, which connects the body in the spiritual post-coital moments with the stone in front of Jesus tomb. This connection highlights how such experiences can bring ones spirit closer to God. Also, the reference to a risen spirit, at Easter-time, further connects the personas euphoric and transcendent spiritual experience with the resurrection of Jesus, and therefore connects the persona with God.Since religion is still a significant aspect of humanity, Triste, Triste, appeals to a broad audience. From a religious interpretation, the a udience is reminded of the power of God over the mundane existence of humans. During the godlike experience of the spirit after intercourse, when one is connected with God, the heart, the symbol of ones physical being has to call the spirit back to the body, And heart from its prison house cries to the spirit travel above. The term, prison, is a metaphor for the body and reminds the audience of humanitys mortality. Harwood uses her religious values to demonstrate the timeless and universal value of divine and transcendent experiences. However, she also concedesthat transcendent moments do not last forever, which is perhaps what makes them so significant.In Triste, Triste, Harwood uses Romantic elements to highlight the inspiration and pleasure that can be achieved through human creativity, and since everyone deserves this kind of human expression, Harwoods poem holds a broad appeal. The dialogue in the poem, remember me, contains the emotive word, remember, and references the id ea that Harwood is using tasty creativity and expression, values of Romanticism, to preserve a part of herself in the present and future, so that, after death, she will remain and be remembered. This invokes a sense of joy which is required by everyone, especially when reminded of the mortality and transience of humanity, and therefore demonstrates the value of Harwoods poetry. The final line of the poem, to peace in the paradise of sleep, includes the verb, sleep, which alludes to the notion of dreams, and dreams are a place where imagination and creativity is unleashed, and, in conjunction with the emotive term, peace, exemplifies the idea that solace may be found through artistic creativity and expression. Since creativity is widely valued by society, Harwoods poetry holds significant and broad appeal.RelationshipsTriste, Triste, explores the importance of intense human relationships through the influence of Romantic elements. This poem is filled with romantic physical connectio ns, for example, the post-coital contact of eyes against shoulder, with the positional verb, against, signifying the comfort that can be drawn from a relationship, and from human experience. This idea of intense human experience is a Romantic value, and Harwood invests this into her poetry as a way of idealising lifes defining moments, such as defining relationships. During the coital experience, the persona experienced a transcendent spiritual awakening, another Romantic value. With reference to the soul, the final stanza explains, the spirit falls from its dream to the deep to harrow hearts prison. The metaphor, falls from its dream, reflects the soul returning to the body after such an intense expression of a relationship.During the divine experience of the spirit after intercourse, the heart, the symbol of ones physical being has to callthe spirit back to the body, And heart from its prison cries to the spirit walking above. The term, prison, is a metaphor for the body and remin ds the audience of humanitys mortality, and therefore of humanitys fleetingness. However, Harwood demonstrates that relationships can provide solace after this realisation of mortality and of the transience of human life and experience. This is emphasised by the emotive words, loved, and, comfort, in the first lines of the final stanza, so the loved other is held for mortal comfort, which further exemplify the powerful abilities of relationships, as the persona, is comforted after their soul returns to their body.This poem is also invested with Harwoods religious ideals as she personally valued religion and used her poetry to explain that relationships with individuals can bring one closer to God. The juxtaposition of the spiritual and transcendent coital experience represented in this poem is connected with the resurrection of Christ. The Biblical allusion, body rolls back like a stone, and risen spirit walks to Easter light, is both symbolic of a physical relationship with another human, and of a divine spiritual relationship with God. This allusion contains the simile, body rolls back like a stone, which connects the body in the spiritual post-coital moments with the stone in front of Jesus tomb, therefore connecting the persona with Jesus via an intense spiritual relationship. Also, the reference to a risen spirit, at Easter-time, further connects the personas euphoric and transcendent spiritual experience with the resurrection of Jesus, and therefore established a relationship between the persona and God.AT MORNINGTONResponse about MEMORYHarwoods poem, At Mornington, also utilises ideas of memory and Romantic influence to understand the process of life. The Romantics valued the personal experience, and the use of first person within this poem represents the idea of personal and emotional memories. The personal pronoun, I, in the experience, I leapt from my fathers arms, emphasises the personas personal memories with nature, with the verb, leapt, reflectin g the eager embrace of nature. This action of carelessly leaping into thewater is symbolic of a childs ignorance of death, due to innocence and youth, another Romantic value. The personal magnetic inclination of the poem allows the persona to emulate her spiritual connection to the divinity of nature.In a memory, signified by a structural indentation, the persona recounts, I ideate once, long ago, that we walked among day-bright flowers. The use of personal pronouns, I, and, we, again symbolises the Romantic element of personal reflection. The description, day-bright, is symbolic of life and youth, and is later contrasted with night being representative of death and ending, in the recollection, then, as night fell, you said, There is still some water left over. This dialogue, containing the symbolic noun, water, portrays the acceptance of death, through nature, as it provides the semblance that regardless of what age brings, memories, symbolically represented through, water, will always survive. Harwood demonstrates the power of memory to change ones perception of mortality.Again, At Mornington, like The Violets, is invested with religious imagery, in association with Harwoods representation of the theme of memory and the important role it plays in life. Water is a repetitive symbol throughout the poem, and when the persona revisits the memory of leaping into the marine in the poems introductory stanza, it appears reminiscent of baptism, a ritual cleansing required before death, returning the persona to a time of innocence and connecting to cyclic ideas.There is also a Biblical allusion to Jesus walking on water, with the persona conceding, I remember believing as a child, I could walk on water, with the noun, child, representing naivety and innocence, again referencing the idea of returning to a time of religious and spiritual purification, with the noun, water, again symbolising memory, and how returning to childhood memories, where innocence and purity m anifests, one can spiritually prepare themselves for death. The motif of light, reflected in memories, and in the present, represents the everlasting need of the human condition to return to a time of purity before death, referencing the religious belief of heaven, and providing a semblance of hope and security, facilitating the acceptance of death with the promise of an afterlife. Harwood relates the idea that memory provides a religious program line which raises emotions of hope and solace regarding the gravity of death.Response about LIFE, DEATH and AGINGHarwood closely examines the human experience in her poem, At Mornington, and represents the inevitable force of death through Romantic values. There is a motif of water throughout the poem, an element of nature, and of value, and therefore an indicative component of Romantic idealism. For example, the noun, wave, in the recount, Iwas caught by a wave and rolled like a doll, is representative of the inevitable and overpowering f orce of nature, time and death, emphasised by the simile, like a doll, which demonstrates the impotency of humanity in the face of such a force. The fact that this is a personal reflection, portrayed through the use of personal pronouns, such as, I, is another Romantic element, and highlights Harwoods idea that everyone must come to terms with the transience of life through the human experience.This idea that the human experience prepares one for death is emphasised by the cumulative list, Iam rolled in one grinding race of dreams, pain, memories, love and grief. This list encapsulates the human condition, and Harwood suggests that one experiences these entities with age, and they prepare one for death and enable them to accept the decline accompanied by time. Harwoods poem, when viewed Romantically demonstrates the power of time and death.Harwood invests At Mornington, with her own religious reliance, and, uses this to demonstrate the theme of death as part of a spiritual cycle. T he Biblical allusion, as the drying face of land rose out of the earths seamless waters, references the control of Genesis which contains the parable of the Great Flood, meant to cleanse humanity of sin. This allusion refers to preparing one for death, by cleansing their soul. Harwood comments on the spiritual and emotional acceptance that occurs with age and an understanding of death.Also, the metaphorical, hand, in the final stanza, I am seized.no hand will save me, references the hand of God, and the fact that God cannot prevent death as it is a part of the cycle of life, and, as a devout Christian, Harwood, and the persona in the poem are reconciled to the idea of death by holding faith in God and the promise of a peaceful afterlife, demonstrated by the emotive word, peace, in the context, the peace of this day will shine, with, this day, symbolising the last day oflife. Harwood comments that religious can assist with the reconciliation of death and degradation.Response about R ELATIONSHIPSAt Mornington references Romantic values and demonstrates the theme of relationships as an integral aspect of finding solace in age and decline. The second stanza, containing the noun, friends, in the personal, present-tense description, we stand, two friends of middle age, by your parents grave, carries connotations of time passing and causing age and decline. The pronoun, we, and the description, middle age, emphasises that this is a Romanticised, personal experience, invested with a sense of revelation and a nostalgia for childhood innocence, also reminiscent of Romantic values.It also reveals that these two friends have been together throughout their lives, and that their bustership and the fact that they are now facing death together, facilitates their acceptance of death. Romanticism also held a value of the human condition. The couplet, we have the wholeness of this day to share as we will between us, contains the alliterative terms, we, wholeness, and, will, whi ch denote tones of hope, and connection which come about with human relationships, an aspect of the human condition. Through Romantic influence, Harwood demonstrates the mutual comfort that comes from friendship and acts as an antidote to the anxieties surrounding death.Like in The Violets, Harwoods, At Mornington, is invested with an essence of her religious spirituality which evokes ideas of flourishing relations as a cure to the apprehension of death. The persona recalls walking through Brisbane gardens with a friend, demonstrated by the pronoun, we, and the noun, gardens, in the past-tense recollection, we walked amongBrisbane gardens. This venture alludes to the Garden of Eden and the Fall of Man, with the persona walking through the garden, with a friend, referencing Eden, before she and her companion gain the knowledge of what it means to be mortal and experience the Fall, that is the irreversible revelation of the inevitability of death.Also, the lines of the final stanza, At your side among the graves I think of death no more, contain the positional verb, side, the funerary reference of graves, and thenoun, death, in conjunction with the negative terms, no more, to combine ideas of companionship, spiritual well-being and death. This highlights the religious notion that friendship and other relationships are strengthened by religious faith, and bring about a spiritual peace that prepares one for life after death. Harwoods religion offers her hope of an afterlife, and the idea of companionship following her through life and into death softens the blow of mortality.

Racial & Crimial Profiling

RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING An Assessment of RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING 1 As more issues and concerns arise in our everyday lives, it is often difficult to overlook many of the horrific and tragic situations of todays law enforcement. Regardless of what profession you may be in there ar always ways to bring improvements to it.A few of the future and emerging issues that I feel that leaders in the criminal justice system need to address are racial indite and criminal compose which each can create a mistrust within a department and violate the civil liberties of citizens. When events such(prenominal) as these acquire to surface in the media and within our communities, questions begin to arise about the tendencies of our police agencies. Racial profiling or racially biased row of policing (especially recently in the United States), is any police action initiated on the mere basis of race, ethnicity, or nati onal origin of a suspect.This is a form of discrimination that is utilize to target the ethnic, minority communities. Profiling in law enforcement occurs when government agencies and officials decide to investigate a person on suspicion, and the detained suspect committed an illegal offense, ground fillet of solely on their ethnicity and racial identity. Arrest should be determined and made on the behavior of that individual or on information that leads police to a particular individual that has been identified as being, or having been engaged in some type of criminal activity.Racial profiling was an issue that arose over 40 long time ago and has resurfaced as a bigoted practice unworthy of the law enforcement professional. It has been and should continue to be widely condemned as contrary to the basic ethical principles. Furthermore, such particular type of action weakens the publics confidence in the police, thus decreasing police citizen trust and cooperation. Racial or ethnic indicators associated with a particular suspect or suspected groups may have place in legitimate law enforcement strategies if they accurately relate to the offenders who are being desire for criminal law violations.The example I chose to support my information about racial profiling is RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING 2 the incident that surrounded the African-American Harvard Professor, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , who was arrested at his home by a white police officer. It was in an upscale community and neighbor observed twain black males on the porch she assumed they were burglars and proceeded to notify the authorities. A white officer came to the home of Mr. Gates who had recently returned from a trip from China, who questioned and then arrested him.He later realise that the Professor was the homeowner and was behaving suspiciously because he was frustrated and fatigue because he could not immediately locate his keys once he arrived at his home from his trip. This was clear ra cial profiling and the professor fit the profile of a thug, but he was in did not the picture of being prestigious exuberant to reside in such an upscale resident also. Hopefully someday society and law enforcement will not judge a person by the color of their skin when making arrest within our communities.It is often difficult not to revert back to what we have seen on the various criminal- investigative shows when we discuss current issues with our colleagues, but actual investigators would not use that type of protocol to jeopardize their cases. Criminal profiling should consist of an analogy use by the police firearm on a scene combined with the details gathered to form an overall conceptual finding of a perpetrator. This is not a concrete method acting of capturing a criminal, but it will certainly narrow down the persons of interest that are being pursued.It will also assist to develop some form of similarities between the various crimes that may be occurring in a particul ar area, the time the incidents are occurring may be a factor, as well as the proper(postnominal) victim being targeted in the situations. Some may not think that this may not be of any importance, but I last that this form of profiling could be essential if it is used properly because the criminal often gets sloppy and lets their guard down and normally this is when they are RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING 3 pprehended. Investigators who deal with violent crime are somewhat experienced with criminal profiling and are behavioral psychologists whose sole job is to profile the criminal mind. For example, one of the purposes of the FBIs Behavioral Science Unit is criminal profiling, and they employ agents who are considered experts at understanding and predicting the minds and behavior of these criminals. The BSU within the FBI is also responsible and accountable for training new agents and researching criminal behavior.It is imperative that all involved are mindful that criminal profi ling should not be used solely to identify and capture criminals. In case, you might have twelve or more suspects who profile are all alike, which means that other investigative techniques must be used to identify the real executor. As a matter of fact, to investigate a horrendous crime, is hard and strenuous work. Criminal profiling provides assistance to the detectives with understanding the modus operandi, or the motivation and the habits of brutal killers and sex offenders.thither are four individual areas of investigation that criminal profiling uses and they are antecedent, method, disposal and locating offense areas. These areas range from what caused the offender to initially commit the crime, what type of violence was used with each crime, what did he do with the victims afterwards, and how should to how their behavior should ultimately be observed. tether names are well-known in Canada for the atrocious crimes each of them committed, CliffordOlson, PaulBernardo and Rober tPickton. Olson raped and murdered 11young boys and girls before he was apprehended. Bernardo raped at least 18young women but wasnt caught until he murdered three more. Pickton has been found guilty for the murder of 26women, but claims to have killed49. There were signs and similarities that linked the victims and the individuals responsible together. Serial criminals often follow a certain victim guideline RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING 4 and pursue specific fantasies or rituals with their victims.Police forces long have recognized that serial criminals tend to follow patterns, use particular weapons or methods, and target similar victims (Dept of Justice, Canada, 2011). In my opinion, I take for grantedt think it is even possible to ever know why some individuals are wired the way they are it is and will always be a mystery to why certain crimes are committed. RACIAL AND CRIMINAL PROFILING 6 References http//criminal. lawyers. com/Criminal-Law-Basics/The-Criminal-Profiling-Proce ss. html http//www. victimsofviolence. on. ca/rev2/index. php? option=com_content=view=336=26

Religious Worldviews

Part One Hindu Worldview (Pantheistic) 1. The Question of Origin In a Hindu Worldview the question of origin would be pantheistic in nature. A Hindu would believe that they have always been in existence and everything is a part of god. idol is seen as an impersonal force of nature and this force is in everything and surrounds everything. One can only escape this force through the process of metempsychosis and to become one with everything. 2. The Question of Identity In a Hindu Worldview life is seen as a sacred part of nature.Mans soul is seen as eternal until he eventually reaches a state of Nirvana. At that time they impart become one with Brahman. The goal is to do enough good deeds so that when you die you will return in a higher(prenominal) life form until you reach Nirvana. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose In a Hindu Worldview life is to be viewed as an illusion as though one was living in a dream and life around them does not really exist. The goal is to understand th is so that you may discontinue the cycle of metempsychosis and ascend to a state of Nirvana. 4.The Question of Morality In a Hindu Worldview god is in everything and everything is in god. This belief will govern how man treats everything and everyone around them. It is ultimately ones own decision to determine what is right and what is wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny In a Hindu Worldview one would believe that ones karma determines how you will return in the next life. If a person has good Karma they will reach a higher level upon rebirth. If one has bad Karma they will return to a lower level, or as an animal upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana. Part Two Christian Worldview (Theistic) . The Question of Origin A Christian believes that God exists and that God always has been and always will be. With this presupposition a Christian believes that he was created by God and that everything that exists was created by God. Whereas a Hindu believes that everything has always existed and is a part of god. 2. The Question of Identity A Christian believes that because he was created by a Sovereign God he is a special creation of God. God created humans only lower than angels and in His image. God placed the responsibility of caring for His creation in the pass on of humans.Hindus believe they are a part of everything in nature and the goal is to become one with Brahman. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose A Christian believes that their affair is to know God. A Christian is to have a meaningful relationship with the one true God. A Hindu believes that their purpose is to end the cycle of reincarnation and reach a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality A Christian believes that the guide for moral living is the Bible. Right and wrong are based upon Gods holy standard and not on mans own perspective.A Hindu believes that they govern what is right and wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny A Christian believes that by accepting or not accepting Jesus C hrist as their savor determines where one will spend life later death. By accepting Jesus Christ as ones savior they will spend eternity in Heaven where they will be in the front of God forever. If one denies Jesus Christ they will spend eternity in hell forever separated from God. A Hindu believes in reincarnation and Karma. Good or bad karma will determine in what form they will return upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana.

Bloodlines Chapter Twenty-Four

ITS WEIRD how you react in moments of immediate danger. Part of me was pure panic, complete with racing heart and rapid breathing. That hollow feeling, the atomic number 53 that felt like a hole had opened in my chest, returned. An otherwise part of me was able to pacify inexplicably think along logical lines, mostly both(prenominal)thing like, Yup, thats the charitable of natural language that could slit a throat. The rest of me? Well, the rest of me was solely confused.I stayed where I was and kept my voice low and even. Lee, whats going on? What is this?He agitate his head. Dont pretend. I lie with you turn in. Youre too smart. I knew youd figure it out, hardly I skillful didnt expect you to do it so soon.My mind spun. Once again, fewone conception I was smarter than I was. I supposed I should be flattered by his faith in my in ensureigence, further the truth was, I didnt acknowledge what was going on yet. I didnt know if betraying that would champion or hinder me, though. I decided to play cool for as long as I reasonably could here.Thats you in the picture, I said, careful not to make it a question.Of course, he said.You collectnt aged. I dared a quick reflexion at the picture, just to ascertain that for myself. It still mystify me. Only Strigoi were ageless, staying immortal at the age theyd turned. Thats thats impossible. Youre Moroi.Oh, Ive aged, he said bitterly. not a lot. Not enough that you can genuinely spot it, but hope me, I can. Its not like how it used to be.I was still clueless, still not for certain of how we had reached a point where Lee starry-eyed and lovesick for Jill was shortly threatening me with a knife. Nor did I understand how he looked exactly the same as he did in a five-year-old picture. There was only one awesome thing I was beginning to be certain of. You pull downed Kelly Hayes. The fear in my chest intensified. I lifted my gaze from the blade to look into his eyes. But certainly surely not Melody o r TamaraHe nodded. And Dina. But you wouldnt know her, would you? She was only human, and you dont keep track of human deaths. Only vampires.It was hard not to look at the knife again. All I kept thinking approximately was how sharp it was and how close it was to me. One swipe, and Id end up just like those other girls, my life bleeding away in advance me. I groped desperately for something to say, wishing again Id learned the social s carry offs that came so easily to others.Tamara was your cousin, I managed. wherefore would you kill your own cousin?A moment of regret flashed across his features. I didnt want to I mean, I did but, well, I wasnt myself when I came back. I just knew I had to be awakened again. Tamara was there at the wrong place and the wrong time. I went for the first Moroi I could get but it didnt work. Thats when I tried the others. I thought for sure one of them would do it. Human, dhampir, Moroi none of them worked.There was a terrible desperation in his voi ce, and despite my fear, some part of me precious to help him but I was hopelessly lost. Lee, Im sorry. I dont understand, why youd train to try others. Please mark the knife down, and lets talk. Maybe I can help you.He gave me a sad grin. You can. I didnt want it to be you, though. I wanted it to be Keith. He certainly deserves to die more than you do. And Jill well, Jill likes you. I wanted to reward that and spare you.You still can, I said. She she wouldnt want you to do this. Shed be upset if she knew Suddenly, Lee was on me, pinning me to the chair with the knife at my throat. You dont know he cried. She doesnt know. But she will, and shell be glad. Shell thank me, and well be young and together forever. Youre my endangerment. The others didnt work, but you He trailed the knifes blade near my tattoo. Youre special. Your blood is magic. I need an Alchemist, and youre my only chance now.What chance are you talking somewhat? I gasped out.My chance for immortality he cried . God, Sydney. You cant even imagine it. What its like to sport that and and so lose it. To have unfathomable strength and power to not age, to know youll live forever. And then, gone Taken away from me. If I ever find that bastard kernel user who did this to me, Ill kill him. Ill kill him and Ill discombobulate from him since later on tonight, Ill be whole once more. Ill be reawakened.A chill ran down my spine. In light of everything, you would have thought Id already be at maximum terror level. Nope. Turns out there was still more to fall out. Be beget with those words, I began to put together a fragile theory of what he exponent be talking about. Awakened was a term used in the vampire world, under very special circumstances.You used to be Strigoi, I whispered, not even sure if I believed it myself.He pulled back slightly, gray eyes wide and glittering feverishly. I used to be a idol And I will be again. I swear it. Im sorry, I really am. Im sorry its you and not Keith. Im sorry you found out about Kelly. If you hadnt, I could have found another Alchemist in LA. But dont you see? I have no other alternatives now The knife was still at my throat. I need your blood. I cant go on like this not as a mortal Moroi. I have to be changed back.A knock sounded at the adit.Not a word, Lee hissed. Theyll go away.Seconds later, the knock repeated, followed by Sage, I know youre in there. I saw your car. I know youre pissed off, but just listen to me.Dingdong, distraction grouseing.Adrian I screamed, jumping up from the chair. I do no plan of attack to disarm Lee. My only goal was safety. I pushed past him before he could react, heading for the door, but he was more prepared than Id expected. He leapt toward me and tackled me to the ground, the knife catching me in the arm as I cast. I yelped in pain as I felt the tip of the blade dig into my skin. I struggled against him, only succeeding in making the knife tear into me more. The door suddenly opened, and I was grateful that Id left it unlocked after letting Lee in. Adrian entered, coming to a standstill as he took in the scene.Dont come closer, warned Lee, pushing the knife against my throat again. I could feel warm blood oozing from my arm. Shut the door. Then sit down and put your hands shag your head. Ill kill her if you dont.Hes going to do it anyway ahh My words were cut off as the knife pierced my skin, not enough to kill me yet but enough to cause pain.Okay, okay, said Adrian, holding up his hands. He looked more sober and serious than Id ever seen. When he was settled on the floor, hands so-and-so his head as directed, he said gently, Lee, I dont know what youre doing, but you need to stop it now before it goes any further. You dont have a gun. You cant really hold us both here under the threat of a knife.Its worked before, Lee said. Still keeping the knife on me, he reached into his coat max with his other hand and produced a pair of handcuffs. That was unexpected. He slid them over to Adrian. Put these on. When Adrian didnt react right away, Lee pushed on the knife until I yelped. NowAdrian put the handcuffs on.Id meant them for her, but you coming by might be a nigh thing, said Lee. Ill probably be hungry once Im reawakened.Adrian arched an eyebrow. Reawakened?He used to be Strigoi, I managed to say. Hes been killing girls slitting their throats to try to become one again.Be quiet, snapped Lee.Why would you cut their throats? asked Adrian. You have fangs.Because it didnt work I did use my fangs. I drank from them but it didnt work. I didnt reawaken again. So then I had to cover my trail. The guardians can tell, you know. Moroi and Strigoi bites? I needed the knife to subdue them anyway, so then I cut their necks to hide the trail make them think it was a crazy Strigoi. Or a vampire hunter.I could see Adrian processing all this. I dont know if he believed it or not, but he had the potential to roll with crazy ideas regardless. If the others d idnt work, then Sydney wont either.She has to, said Lee fervently. He shifted so that I was roll onto my back, still pinned by his greater body weight. Her bloods special. I know it is. And if it doesnt Ill get help. Ill get help reawakening, and then Ill awaken Jill so we can always be together.Adrian jumped to his feet, full of a surprising fury. Jill? Dont hurt her Dont even nip herSit down, barked Lee. Adrian obeyed. I wouldnt hurt her. I love her. Thats why Im going to make sure she stays exactly the way she is. Forever. Ill awaken her after Im reawakened.I tried to catch Adrians eye, wondering if I could pass some silent message. If we both surged at Lee together even with Adrian cuffed then maybe we had a chance at subduing him. Lee was seconds away from tearing into my throat, I was certain, in the hopes that what? That he could drink my blood and become Strigoi?Lee, I said in a small voice. Too much movement in my throat would result in a bite from the knife. It didnt w ork with the other girls. I dont think the fact that Im an Alchemist matters. Whatever that spirit user did to save you you cant go back now. It doesnt matter whose blood you drink.He didnt save me roared Lee. He ruined my life. Ive been trying to get it back for six years. I was almost ready for the culture re come apart until you and Keith came along. And Ive still got that last option left. I dont want it to come to that, though. For all our sakes.I wasnt the last resort? Honestly, I didnt really see how any other alternative plans here could be much worse for me. Meanwhile, Adrian still wasnt looking in my direction, which frustrated me until I realized what he was trying to do.This is a mistake, he told Lee. Look at me, and tell me you really want to do this to her.Cuffed or not, Adrian didnt have the speed and strength of a dhampir, someone who could leap over and disarm Lee before the knife could do its damage. Adrian also didnt have the power to wield a physical element, s ay, like fire, one that could be used as a concrete weapon. Adrian did, however, have the ability to compel. Compulsion was an innate ability all vampires had and one that spirit users in particular were adept at. Unfortunately, it worked best with eye contact, and Lee wasnt playing ball. His perplexity was all on me, blocking Adrians efforts.I made my decision a long time ago, said Lee. With his free hand, he dabbed his fingers in the bloody go on my arm. He brought his fingertips to his lips, a look of grim resignation on his face. He licked the blood from his hand, which wasnt nearly as gross to me as it wouldve been under other circumstances. With so much going on right now, it was honestly no more terrible than the rest and just rolled off of me. A look of total shock and surprise crossed Lees features soon turning to disgust.No, he gasped. He repeated the motion, rubbing more blood on his fingers and crush it. Theres something theres something wrongHe leaned his mouth to my neck, and I whimpered, fearing the inevitable. But it wasnt his teeth I felt, only the lightest brushing of his lips and tongue at the wound hed created, like some sort of perverse kiss. He jerked back immediately, staring at me in horror.Whats wrong with you? he whispered. Whats wrong with your blood? He made a third attempt to taste my blood but was unable to finish. He scowled. I cant do it. I cant stomach any of it. Why?Neither Adrian nor I had an answer. Lee sagged in defeat for a moment, and I suddenly allowed myself to think he might just give up and call all this madness off. With a darksome breath, he straightened up, new resolve in his eyes. I tensed, half-expecting him to say he was going to try to drink Adrian now, even though a Moroi two, if you counted Melody had apparently been on the menu of his past failures.Instead, Lee pulled his cell phone out of his pocket, still keeping the knife at my throat and preventing me from attempting any sort of escape. He dialed a number and waited for an answer.Dawn? Its Lee. Yes yes, I know. Well, I have two for you, ready and waiting. A Moroi and an Alchemist. No not the old man. Yes. Yes, still active. It has to be tonight. They know about me. You can have them but you know the deal. You know what I want yes. Uh-huh. Okay. Lee rattled off our address and disconnected. A pleased smile crossed his face. Were lucky. Theyre east of LA, so it wont take them long to get here especially since they dont care much about speed limits.Who are they? asked Adrian. I mean you calling some Dawn lady in LA. I thought she was one of your hot college friends?Theyre the makers of destiny, said Lee dreamily.How delightfully enigmatic and nonsensical, muttered Adrian.Lee glared and then carefully studied Adrian. Take off your absorb.I realized Id spent so much time with Adrian now that I was ready for some chin wagging like, Oh, glad to know things arent so formal anymore.Apparently, the situation was dire enough and the knife at my throat serious enough that Adrian didnt argue. Hed handcuffed his wrists in front of him and, after some complex maneuvering with his hands, was finally able to undo the tie hed donned for Jills show. He tossed it over.Careful, Adrian said. Its silk. So, not completely devoid of snark.Lee rolled me over to my stomach, finally passing me of the knife but giving me no time to react. With remarkable skill, he soon had my hands tied behind my back with Adrians tie. Doing so required some pulling and restraining of my arms, which hurt quite a bit after the stabbing. He backed off when finished, allowing me to gingerly sit up, but an experimental tug of the tie showed that I wasnt going to undo those knots anytime soon. Uneasily, I wondered how many girls hed tied up before in his sick attempt to become Strigoi.Weird, awkward silence fell as we waited for Lees makers of destiny to show up. The minutes ticked by, and I frantically tried to figure out what to do. How long did we have until the people hed called arrived? From what hed told me, Id guess at to the lowest degree an hour. Feeling bold, I finally attempted communication with Adrian, again hoping maybe we could covertly team up on Lee even though our advantage rate had just become that much lower with both our sets of hands bound.How did you even get here? I asked.Adrians gaze was fixed on Lee, still hoping for direct eye contact, but he did spare a quick, wry glance at me. Same way I get around everywhere, Sage. The bus.Why?Because I dont have a car.Adrian Amazing. Even with our lives in danger, he could still infuriate me.He shrugged and returned his focus to Lee, even though his words were obviously for me. To apologize. Because I was a total asshole to you at Jailbaits show. Not long after you left, I knew I had to come find you. He paused eloquently and glanced around. No good deed goes unpunished, I guess.I suddenly felt at a loss. Lee turning psychopathic certainly wasnt my fault, but it troubled me that Adrian was now in this situation because hed come to apologize to me. Its okay. You werent um, that bad, I said lamely, hoping to make him feel better.A small smile played over his lips. Youre a terrible liar, Sage, but Im still touched youd attempt it for my sake. A for effort.Yeah, well, what happened back there seems kind of small, in light of the current situation, I muttered. Its easy to forgive.Lees frown had been growing as he listened to us. Do the others know youre here? he asked Adrian.No, said Adrian. I said I was going back to Clarences.I didnt know if he was untruth or not. For a moment, I didnt think it would matter. The others had heard me say I was coming here, but none of them would have any reason to come pursuit us.No reason, except the bond.I caught my breath and met Adrians eyes. He looked away, perhaps for fear of betraying what Id just realized. It didnt matter if the gang had known where I was earlier. If Jill was connected to Adria n, she would know now. And she would know that we were in trouble. But that was assuming it was one of the times when she could see into his mind. Theyd both admitted it was inconsistent and that high emotion could bring it out. Well, if this didnt count as a extremely emotional situation, I couldnt think what would. Even if she realized what was happening, there were a lot of ifs involved. Jill would have to get here, and she couldnt do it alone. Calling the police would bring the scurrying response, but she might hesitate if she knew this was vampire business. Shed need Eddie. How long would it take to get him if they were back in their dorms?I didnt know. I just knew that we had to stay alive because if we did, one way or another, Jill would get help here. Only, I no longer knew our odds of survival. Adrian and I were both confined, trapped with a guy who wasnt algophobic to kill with a knife and who desperately wanted to become a Strigoi again. That was a bad combination, and it threatened to get worseWhos coming, Lee? I asked. Who did you call? When he didnt answer, I made the next logical leap. Strigoi. You have Strigoi coming.Its the only way, he said, tossing his knife from hand to hand. The only way left now. Im sorry. I cant be like this anymore. I cant be mortal anymore. Too much time has already passed.Of course. Moroi could become Strigoi in one of two ways. One was by swallow the blood of another person and killing them in the process. Lee had tried that, using every combination of victims he could get ahold of, and had failed. That left him with one last desperate option conversion by another Strigoi. Usually, it happened by force, when a Strigoi killed someone and then fed their own blood back to the victim. That was what Lee wanted done to him now, trading our lives to the Strigoi who would convert him. And then he wanted to do it to Jill, out of some crazy misguided loveBut its not worth it, I said, desperation and fear making me bold. I ts not worth the cost of killing innocents and endangering your soul.Lees gaze fell on me, and there was a look of such chilling indifference in it that I had a hard time connecting this person before me to the one Id smiled indulgently on as he courted Jill.Isnt it, Sydney? How would you know? Youve deprived yourself of enjoyment for most of your life. Youre aloof from others. Youve never let yourself be selfish, and look where its got you. Your morals have left you with a short, strict life. Can you tell me now, just before youre about to die, that you dont wish youd maybe allowed yourself a little more fun?But the immortal soul What do I care about that? he demanded. Why bother living some miserable regimented life in this world, in the hopes that maybe our souls go on in some heavenly realm, when I can take control now ensure that I live forever in this world, with all of its pleasures, staying strong and young forever? Thats real. Thats something I can put my faith in.Its wr ong, I said. Its not worth it.You wouldnt say that if youd experienced what I have. If youd been Strigoi, you never wouldve wanted to lose that either.How did you lose it? asked Adrian. What spirit user saved you?Lee snorted. You mean robbed me. I dont know. It all happened so fast. But as soon as I find him Ill ahhA yearbook is not the greatest of weapons, particularly one the size of Amberwoods, but in a pinch and with surprise itll do.Id noted earlier that I wasnt going to be able to undo the knots in the tie anytime soon. That was true. It had taken me this whole time, but Id done it. For whatever reason, knot-making was a useful skill in the Alchemist curriculum, one Id well(p) growing up with my father. As soon as I was free of Adrians tie, I reached for the first thing I could Kellys junior yearbook. I sprang up and slammed it into Lees head. He cringed back at the impact, dropping the knife as he did, and I used the opportunity to sprint across the living room and grab Adrians arm. He needed no help from me and was already trying to get to his feet.We didnt get far before Lee was right back on us. The knife had slid somewhere unseen, and he simply relied on his own strength. He caught hold of me and ripped me from Adrian, one hand on my wounded arm and one in my hair, causing me to stumble. Adrian came after us, doing his best to hit Lee, even with bound hands. We werent the most efficient fighting force, but if we could just momentarily delay Lee, there was a chance we might make it out of here.Lee was distracted by both of us, trying to fight and fend us off at the same time. Unbidden, Eddies lesson came back to me, about how a well-placed punch could cause serious damage to someone stronger than you. Sizing up the situation in seconds, I decided I had an opening. I close my hand the way Eddie had taught me in that quick lesson, positioning my body in a way that would direct the weight in an efficient way. I swung.OwI yelled in pain as my fist made contact. If this was the safe way to punch, I couldnt imagine how much a sloppy one hurt. Fortunately, it seemed to cause just as much if not more pain to Lee. He fell backward, hitting the comfy chair in a way that made him lose his balance and collapse to the ground. I was stunned at what I had done, but Adrian was still in motion. He nudged me to the door, taking advantage of Lees temporary disorientation. infer on, Sage. This is it.We hurried to the door, ready to make our escape while Lee shouted profanities at us. I reached for the knob, but the door opened before I could touch it.And two Strigoi entered the room.

Chapter 1- Introduction to Electronic Commerce

1. Describe three factors that would cause a company to continue doing commercial enterprise in traditional ways and countermand electronic commerce. * Traditional commerce is a better way to sell items or inspection and repairs when personal selling skills are a factor, as in commercial real estate sales or when the condition of the products is difficult to determine without making a personal inspection, as in the purchases of high-fashion clothing, antiques or putrescible food items. 2.Figure 1-5 lists roommate-matching services as a type of business that is well-suited to a combination of electronic and traditional commerce. In one paragraph, describe the elements of this service that would be best handled using traditional commerce and explain why. * Customers are generally concerned about lifestyle and personality factors. As a result, they would call for to meet any potential roommate. 3. Choose one major difference between the first wave and the second wave of electronic commerce.Write a paragraph that describes this difference to a person who is not familiar with either business or Internet technologies. * A major difference is the increase in broadband connections and improved hardware developments. This allows more businesses around the world to communicate with each new(prenominal). 4. What are transaction costs and why are they important? * traffic costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and seller incur as they gather information and negotiate a purchase-and-sale transaction.Reasons for creation important can vary. 5. Provide one example of how electronic commerce could help change an industrys economic structure from a hierarchy to a network. * When transaction costs were high, businesspeople would form organizations to replace market-negotiated transactions. In a network economic structure, companies coordinate their strategies, resources and skill sets by forming long-term relationships with other companies and individuals based o n shared purposes, called strategic alliances or strategic partnerships. 6.How might managers use SWOT analysis to identify new applications for electronic commerce in their strategic business units? * SWOT is the acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. By using this, the analyst first looks into the business unit to identify its strengths and weaknesses. Then the analyst reviews the environment in which the business unit operates and identifies opportunities presented by that environment and the threats posed by that environment. 7. In about 200 words, explain the difference between language translation and language localization. terminology translation is the process of restating some text written in one language in a different language. In other words, to translate is attend some original text, written in what is called the source language, and to write a corresponding text in different language, called the target language, with the goal of preserving the tone and signification of the original text. * Language localization is a translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment, such as business and cultural practices, in addition to local tongue variations in the language.The cultural element is very important since it can affectand sometimes completely changethe users interpretation of text 8. In a paragraph, describe the advantages of a flat-rate telecommunications access system for countries that want to encourage electronic commerce. * In the United States, telecommunications companies have long sold local recall service as a flat-rate access system, in which the consumer or business pays one monthly fee for unlimited telephone line usage.Activists in European countries argued that flat-rate access was a key to the success of electronic commerce in the United States. Although many factors contributed to the rapid rise of U. S. electronic commerce, many industry analysts cope with that flat-rate access was one of the most important. As more European telecommunications providers began to offer flat-rate access, electronic commerce in those countries increased dramatically.

Plant Lectin on Blood Agglutination

Lectin is a protein that is commonly found in certain plants such as grains (wheat), legumes (soybeans and peanuts), and also thunder mug be found in potato, tomato, eggplant and pepper. It is found to be toxic, especially if the food containing it is undercooked. It causes damage to the gut wall in the stomach. Lectins toxicity may even cause speedy death.Lectin is a glycoprotein. As a glycoprotein, it is capable of binding to carbohydrate. It tends to bind to carbohydrates in specific and reversible manner. It is a protein that has binding site specific to carbohydrate. Because of this ability of lectin, it can cause agglutinating activity of red blood cells. It does so by fundamental interaction with the sugar moieties of the cell wall leading to the clumping together of the cells.In blood agglutination by lectin, its active sites are the ones that bind to the sugar moieties present in the cell wall of the red blood cells These active sites are consists of certain amino group aci d residues. It was suggested that there are two or more amino acid residues that are present in the active site of lectin (cited in Sharon, 2007). some of these amino acid forms hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group of the sugar or carbohydrate moiety.The other amino acids interact hydrophobically. Aside from these interactions, other kinds of interactions such as coordination with the metal, like interaction with the iron compound of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and electrostatic interaction might occur as well. Further interaction of these active sites to other carbohydrate part of the blood cells results to large mass, then the clumping of cells occurs.Specificity of lectin towards carbohydrates depends on the kind of amino acid present in its active site. This do plant lectin found its usefulness in the field of medicine. One application of plant lectin is in determining blood group. Lectin can agglutinate specific types of erythrocytes. unlike sources of lectin may have different active sites, therefore may dictate the kind of carbohydrate it binds with.Plant lectins, despite of the danger it may pose in our health, can be still useful in our life. As the study and research on lectin progresses, more benefits that we can derive from these compounds are revealed.ReferenceSharon, N. (2007). Lectins Carbohydrate-specific Reagents and biologic Recognition Molecules. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 5, 2753-2764. Retrieved December 9, 2007 from, http//www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/282/5/2753

Differences between the Compensation and Benefits Programs used in U. S. and Germany

Compensation refers to the salary and/or wage structures and schedules such as job descriptions salary, bonus-based benefits architectural plans, merit based programs and commission-based programs (Patricia & David 125). Compensation and benefits argon provided either as variable pay and/or base pay. Stock selection plans In Germany, stock option plans are only available for hint employees and German board members. These are usually in the form of phantom stocks, stock appreciation rights or convertible bonds (Ohle 1). At the moment of their exercise, these stock options are taxable.In German stock options are portioned in two forms whose difference is primarily based on the tax treatment on them. Stock options in U. S encompass Non-Qualified Stock Options, Put Options and Incentive Stock Options. However, a great percentage of these stock options are not exercisable immediately and are non-transferable indeed making it impossible to readily determine their fair market value. This implies that stock options are not taxable when granted in the context of U. S (Patricia & David 127). working(a) retirement provisionsUnlike U. S, Germany has operational provisions for its retirement pension plans through which employers make it possible for their workers to change about of their wages into retirement operation plans. This revolves around assorted models such as the assistance funds, direct insurance, pension funds and direct benefits. U. S lacks such provisions which are not bound to taxation. In Germans case, the most common retirement operational provisions encompass plans such as the 401 (k) and the cash balance plans (Ohle, 1).On a opposite note, the pension program of US was not made such as to offer old age insurance by it egotism while that of Germany is considered to be primarily a grant for a basic insurance. Thus private and operational retirement plans are very vital to American retirees unlike for Germans. Private retirement provisions In Ge rmany, there are a social security programs to which employees payroll taxes account for half of the contributions while the employers contribute the other half.These include long-range nursing care, unemployment benefits, pensions and wellness insurance and are the four major German social security parts (Ohle 1). Other social security programs cover social indemnity catered for by the government and the accident insurance handled by the employer. The U. S dodging on the hand comprises of the dry land program for childrens health insurance, supplementary security income, fly-by-night assistance for needy families, health insurance for the disabled and aged, unemployment benefits, state grants for medical assistance programs (DOL 1).The U. S social system is majorly funded through payroll taxes and the overall program is divided into three main parts survivors, retirement and disability insurance. Unemployment benefits The unemployment program in U. S is funded by the federal and state unemployment taxes paid by employers. Unemployment benefits in Germany are divided into two categories the unemployment insurance (UI) applicable to previously employed workers who were insured during their tenure and the unemployment assistance (UA) which comes after UI and has no time limit. The U.S unemployment benefit system differs from the one in Germany in that it covers a wide range of areas not covered by the German program (DOL 1). This is because the U. S program includes a self employment assistance package for the re-employment period, trade readjustment allowance, extended benefits, and assistance for the unemployment due to disasters. Heath care insurance The compensation and benefits program in Germany encompasses a mandatory contribution towards social security in terms of payments to the legal state health care insurance program.However, big salaried employees can opt to join a private health care system rather than the state health care system which is also considered a benefit to some extent. On the other hand, U. S. has a different health care program known as the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) that enables eligible employees to be part of a group plan for health insurance (Patricia & David 131). U. S also has two other options contributing to health insurance unlike Germany. These include life insurance under the standard additional and family options and the long-term care insurance paid for fully by the employees. Leave and public holidaysThe terms of employment in German usually include a minimum of twenty-four paid ensue days annually for those employees working six days a week on full time basis and 20 days to those working 5 days a week (Ohle, 1). Public holidays however vary form state to state. This includes other paid and protected leave days such as sick leave and maternity leave. U. S on the other hand has different terms when it comes to leave and public holidays. For instance, the U. S Family and Medical Lea ve Act does not entitled employees to any leave provides for a job-protected 12 weeks unpaid leave per any twelve month period incase of care emergencies.

Kinds of Medical Thermometers

MEDICAL THERMOMETER aesculapian thermometers atomic number 18 utilise for measuring human body temperature, with the tip of the thermometer being inserted either into the mouth infra the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit (axillary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature). CLASSIFICATION BY TECHNOLOGY Liquid-filled The traditional thermometer is a glass furnish-shaped structure with a bulb at unmatched end containing a liquid which expands in a uniform manner with temperature. The tube itself is narrow (capillary) and has calibration markings a big it.The liquid is often mercury, only alcohol thermometers use a colored alcohol. Medically, a maximum thermometer is often used, which indicates the maximum temperature reached even afterwards it is removed from the body. To use the thermometer, the bulb is situated in the location where the temperature is to be measured and left long enough to be certain to reach thermal equalis ertypically three minutes. Maximum-reading is achieved by gist of a constriction in the neck close to the bulb. As the temperature of the bulb rises, the liquid expands up the tube through the constriction.When the temperature falls, the column of liquid breaks at the constriction and lav non go by to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube. After reading the value, the thermometer must(prenominal) be reset by repeatedly swinging it sharply to stir up the liquid back through the constriction. Mercury Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been considered the most absolute liquid-filled types. However, mercury is a cyanogenetic heavy metal, and mercury has only been used in clinical thermometers if protected from breakage of the tube.The tube must be very narrow to minimize the amount of mercury in itthe temperature of the tube is not controlled, so it must contain very much less mercury than the bulb to minimize the effect of the temperature of the tubeand this makes the reading rather difficult as the narrow mercury column is not very visible. profile is less of a problem with a coloured liquid. In the 1990s it was decided by whom? that mercury-based thermometers were too equivocal to handle the vigorous swinging needed to reset a mercury maximum thermometer makes it easy to by the bye break it and spill the moderately poisonous mercury.Mercury thermometers have largely been replaced by electronic digital thermometers, or, more r arly, thermometers based on liquids other than mercury (such as galinstan, coloured alcohols and heat-sensitive liquid crystals). Electronic or digital Since compact and inexpensive methods of measuring and displaying temperature became available, electronic thermometers (often called digital, because they display numeric values) have been used. Many display readings to nifty precision (0. 1C or 0. F, whatevertimes half that), only if this should not be interpreted as a guarantee of the true qualify accuracy must be canvass in documentation and maintained by periodical recalibration. A typical inexpensive electronic capitulum thermometer for topographic point use has a displayed resolution of 0. 1C, hardly a stated accuracy within 0. 2C when new. 1 The first electronic clinical thermometer, invented in 1954, used a flexible probe that contained a Carboloy thermistor. 2 Contact Some electronic thermometers may work by contact (the electronic detector is placed in the location where temperature is to be measured, and left long enough to reach equilibrium).These typically reach equilibrium faster than mercury thermometers the thermometer may beep when equilibrium has been reached, or the time may be specified in the manufacturers documentation. Remote Other electronic thermometers work by remote sensing an infr ard sensor responds to the radiation spectrum emitted from the location. Although these are not in direct contact with the area being measured, they may quench contact part of the b ody (a thermometer which senses the temperature of the eardrum without touching it is inserted into the ear canal).To eliminate the risk of patient cross-infection, liquid probe covers and single-use clinical thermometers of all types are used in clinics and hospitals. Basal thermometer A basal thermometer is a thermometer used to take the basal (base) body temperature, the temperature upon waking. Basal body temperature is much less affected than daylight temperature by environmental factors such as exercise and food intake. This allows small changes in body temperature to be detected, such as those caused by ovulation 3 or changes in thyroid function citation needed. Glass oral thermometers typically have markings every 0. 1C or 0. F. Basal temperature is horse barn enough to require accuracy of at least 0. 05C or 0. 1F, so special glass basal thermometers are distinct from glass oral thermometers. Digital thermometers which have sufficient resolution (0. 05C or 0. 1F is suffici ent) may be suitable for monitoring basal body temperatures the specification should be checked to ensure absolute accuracy, and thermometers (like most digital instruments) should be calibrated at specified intervals. If only the renewal of basal temperature is required, absolute accuracy is not so important so long as the readings do not have large variability (e. . , if real temperature varies from 37. 00C to 37. 28C, a thermometer which inaccurately but consistently reads a change from 37. 17C to 37. 45C will indicate the order of magnitude of the change). Some digital thermometers are marketed as basal thermometers and have extra features such as a larger display, expanded memory functions, or beeping to confirm the thermometer is placed properly. CLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION The temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain a fairly stable temperature (mainly sub-lingual, axillary, rectal, vaginal, forehead, or temporal artery).The normal temperatu re varies slightly with the location an oral reading of 37C does not correspond to rectal, temporal, etc. readings of the same value. When a temperature is quoted the location should also be specified. If a temperature is stated without reserve (e. g. , typical body temperature) it is usually assumed to be sub-lingual. The differences between core temperature and measurements at different locations, cognize as clinical bias, are discussed in the article on normal human body temperature.Measurements are subject to both site-dependent clinical bias and variability between a series of measurements (standard deviations of the differences). For example, one teaching found that the clinical bias of rectal temperatures was greater than for ear temperature measured by a weft of thermometers under test, but variability was less. 4 Oral Oral temperature may only be taken from a patient who is capable of holding the thermometer securely under the tongue, which generally excludes small chil dren or people who are unconscious or overcome by coughing, weakness, or vomiting. This is less of a problem with fast-reacting digital thermometers, but is certainly an issue with mercury thermometers, which take several minutes to stabilize their reading. ) If the patient has drunk a hot or cold liquid beforehand time must be allowed for the mouth temperature to return to its normal value. 5 The typical range of a sub-lingual thermometer for use in humans is from about 35C to 42C or 90F to 110F. Armpit The Armpit (axillary) temperature is measured by holding the thermometer tightly under the armpit. One needs to hold the thermometer for several minutes to get an accurate measurement.Rectal Rectal temperature-taking, especially if performed by a person other than the patient, should be facilitated with the use of a water-based personalised lubricant. Although rectal temperature is the most accurate, this method may be considered unpleasant or embarrassing in some countries or cult ures, especially if used on patients older than young children also, if not taken the correct way, rectal temperature-taking can be uncomfortable and in some cases painful for the patient. Rectal temperature-taking is considered the method of choice for infants. 6 capitulum Other kinds of medical thermometers exist, such as the tympanic thermometer that measures the temperature of the tympanum by infrared measurement, The thermometer has a acoustic projection (protected by a one-time hygienic sheath) which contains the infrared probe the projection is gently placed in the ear canal and a button pressed the temperature is read and displayed within about a second. These thermometers are used both in the home (models are available for prices starting at around 20 USD) and in medical facilities. Temporal arteryA newer development is the Temporal artery thermometer, which uses the infrared principle to accurately report a patients temperature, with comparable accuracy to rectal thermome try. citation needed Forehead The band thermometer is applied to the patients brow. It is typically a band coat with different temperature-sensitive markings using liquid-crystal or similar technology at a given temperature the markings (numerals indicating the temperature) in one region are at the right temperature to become visible. This type gives an indication of fever, but is not considered accurate.